Cities and the rise of states in Europe, A.D. 1000 to 18001994

"The rise of large, powerful states in Europe after A.D. 1000 transformed life across the Continent and eventually throughout the whole world. The new European states disposed of unprecedented stores of capital and vast military capacities. In recent decades, scholars have often drawn general models of state formation from the European experience after 1700, then applied them with only partial success to other parts of the world. Although such studies of modern Europe improved on early theories of modernization and development, they failed to accommodate the varied ways in which city-states, empires, federations, centralized states, and other forms of government evolved and the pivotal role that cities played in the multiple paths to state formation." "In a sweeping, original work...